The Expressive Effect of Translation

Translation is the conversion between different languages and texts, using one language to express another in order to achieve communication. To facilitate cross-linguistic exchange, it is essential to transcend the limitations of words and phrases, striving to reproduce the expressive effect of the original text to the greatest extent possible. Simple word-for-word translation not only fails to achieve this goal but may also lead to misunderstandings that affect the reader's comprehension.

The ability to faithfully reproduce the expressive effect of the original text is the key distinction between machine translation and human translators. Machines can only provide rigid translations based on the superficial meanings of words, lacking consideration for expressive effects. In contrast, a skilled translator can make appropriate modifications to the translated text based on context and the linguistic habits of native speakers, ensuring that readers can understand and grasp the meaning while conveying the original intent.

To truly recreate the expressive effect of the original, translators need a solid foundation in language and extensive cultural knowledge. They must grasp the differences between language and context and deeply understand and master the uniqueness and accuracy of language. Familiarity with common sentence structures and appropriate expressions is crucial. For instance, the use of synonyms or near-synonyms plays a vital role in the effectiveness of translation. In Arabic, there are certain synonyms that, while having similar meanings, differ in weight or emotional connotation, which serves as an important criterion for their distinction. For example, "عقيلة," "زوجة," and "امرأة" all refer to a man's spouse but carry different implications: "عقيلة" is often used in formal contexts with a noble connotation; "زوجة" has a neutral meaning; whereas "امرأة" is used in informal contexts and carries somewhat vulgar undertones. Although all can be understood as "wife," the choice of expression in translation needs to align with the context.

Both Chinese and Arabic have sets of near-synonyms with similar meanings but differing emotional connotations and other aspects. The criteria for distinguishing them vary between the two languages; Chinese typically differentiates near-synonyms based on individual versus collective perspectives, while Arabic does so through collocation or semantic intensity. Translators should be aware of these distinctions, accurately interpret the meaning in the original text, and choose appropriate words and phrases to achieve the best expressive effect.

In essence, translation involves mutual interpretation between different cultures and represents a bidirectional exchange between two languages. It entails not just a change in linguistic expression but also a transformation in underlying thought processes. Translators cannot focus solely on surface meanings; they must also consider the implicit intentions of the author or speaker, striving to help readers or listeners grasp the expressive effect of the original. They should not lower standards or compromise the pursuit of expressive effect for convenience or the understanding of a limited audience.

◀️：The Method of Sentence Breaking in Russian-to-Chinese Translation

▶️：What is Translation: A Spectrum of Theories on Translation