Translation Theory Study

The task of translation is to restate the meaning of the original text based on understanding the original content. Translation takes two forms: written translation and oral translation. Oral translation is further divided into consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation. Consecutive interpretation involves translating after the speaker completes a segment of speech, while simultaneous interpretation, abbreviated as "simultaneous interpreting," requires the interpreter to translate the spoken content into the target language while listening to the speaker. The content of translation is rich and covers various topics such as national conditions, society, economy, politics, diplomacy, military, industry, agriculture, art, education, and more. A successful translation activity requires translators to possess knowledge of their mother tongue, foreign language, and the subject matter. Specifically, having a comprehensive command of both the mother tongue and the foreign language and being able to use both languages flexibly and proficiently are essential conditions for translation. In addition to this foundation, translators should broaden their knowledge base, acquire basic knowledge across various industries, and compensate for any deficiencies in language background.

When it comes to translation, what principles should be followed? Let's take a look at historical translation standards. Dao'an of the Former Qin dynasty proposed the translation principle of "five deviations from the original, three non-changes," which was a theoretical framework and principle for early Chinese Buddhist translations. The "five deviations from the original" allow the translated text to differ from the original in terms of grammar, rhetoric, and genre structure to suit Chinese language habits and style. The "three non-changes" require that the translated works' intended meanings adapt to different times, national customs, and people's needs without losing the original intentions of Buddhism. Dao'an's translation advocacy received recognition from the Buddhist community before Xuanzang of the Tang dynasty introduced the principle of "five non-translations." One of the most well-known translation theories is Yan Fu's "faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance." Yan Fu was a pioneer in establishing a complete translation standard in China. After absorbing the essence of ancient Chinese Buddhist translation thinking and combining it with his own translation practice experience, he explicitly proposed the translation principle of "faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance." Lu Xun also put forward the translation standard of "rather to be faithful than smooth." Fu Lei introduced the concept of "spiritual resemblance." The generally applicable translation standards in the industry today are "accuracy, fluency, and clarity."

So, when it comes to actual translation work, how should we proceed? What abilities should translation learners focus on developing? Firstly, before translating, one must thoroughly read the original text to understand its meaning, the author's intent, and style. During the translation process, it is crucial to consider the context of the text. While translating, we can employ certain techniques to make sentence structures and expressions more in line with Chinese linguistic habits.

In the process of learning translation, it is important to develop comprehension, expression, and technical abilities. Comprehension requires understanding the original text both linguistically and professionally. In other words, we should accurately grasp the precise meanings of vocabulary, analyze sentences accurately, understand unique expressions, and broaden our understanding of various industries to supplement linguistic capabilities. Expression refers to good written expression in both Chinese and foreign languages. When writing, strive for clear logic, coherent sentences, and rich vocabulary. Therefore, diligent thinking and practice are essential. By summarizing experiences and lessons, addressing shortcomings, and continuously improving translation skills. In terms of techniques, we can actively learn from others' experiences, combine them with our own accumulation, and constantly expand our translation skills.

◀️：Translation: The Value of Translation

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