Insurance law terminology - from a professional translation company

保险合同法

 insurance contract law

《民法典》第242条

 Section 242 Civil Code

一般商事交易

 general business transactions

持续性义务

 continuing obligation

保险人

Insurer

被保险人

Insured person

核保经验

underwriting experience

生存危机

existencial consequences

保险法革新

the Insurance Act reform 

相关判例法

relevance case law

不要求因果关系

lack of causality

全有全无原则

all-or-nothing principle

  比例原则

quota principle

明确保护条款

 the explicit protection provisions 

案例的适用

the cases of application 

风险负担共同体

Risk-bearing community 

一般同质化风险

typically homogenous risks 

大数法

the law of large numbers

去差异化的风险

equalisation of risks

精算事实

actuarial facts

信义义务

 fiduciary duties 

互负对价的义务

mutual duties of consideration

义务相对性原则

the principle of the relativity of the obligation 

带有利润分配的资本形成型人寿保险合同

 capital-forming life insurance contracts with profit participation

成文法上的价值

 the statutory values 

诚实信用与平等原则

Good faith and the principle of equality

一般平等待遇原则

 the general principle of equal  treatment 

整体原则和精算实践

the mass principle and the actuarial practice

对价

considerations

宪法上的一般平等原则

the general constitutional principle of equality

社会伦理基础

socio-ethical foundations

个案

individual cases

具有优先地位的法律价值

overriding legal values

体系化

 systematisation 

功能循环理论

the functional circuit doctrine 

具体化与补充

Concretisation and supplementation function

限制功能

Limitation function

控制与纠正功能

Control and correction function

具体化

 concretisation

说明、提示和告知义务

duties of clarification, notification and information

先合同义务

 pre-contractual dut

自行告知和披露的义务

a spontaneous duty of information and disclosure

注意义务

duties of consideration

权利不当行使

inadmissible exercise of rights

权利丧失的抗辩

the objection of forfeiture of rights

权利滥用

abuse of right

矛盾行为

contradictory behaviour

对免责条款的援引

the assertion of exclusions

主张被保险人违反该义务

invoking the breach

书面形式

 in text form

存在欺诈行为

acted fraudulently

以保险人未告知进行抗辩

invoking the lack of information

比例原则

the principle of proportionality

撤回权或抗辩

 the right of cancellation or objection

合同受阻

 a frustration of contract

保险科技

Insurance Technology 

保险最大诚信原则

the Principle of Utmost Good Faith in Insurance

保险交易射倖性负面效应

the Negative Effects of Speculation in Insurance Transactions

信息分布失衡

Information Asymmetry

交易射倖性

randomness in Transactions 

普通法合同理论

Common Law Contract Theory

逆向选择风险

Adverse Selection Risk

道德风险

Moral Hazard

保险人中心

Insurer-Centric 

投保人中心

Insured-Centric

保险市场风险控制

Risk Control in the Insurance Market

技术替代

Technical Alternatives

不当利用射倖机制

 misusing aleatory mechanisms

普惠保险

Inclusive Insurance

金融消费者保护

 Financial Consumer Protection

投保人

Policyholders

交易技术逻辑

Transactional Technology Logic

保险人

Insurers

以小博大

High Stakes with Low Investment

双向、二维

Bidirectional, Two-Dimensional

事前信息不对称

Pre-Transaction Information Asymmetry

保险标的

the insured subject

危害保险团体性

jeopardizing the collective integrity of the insurance pool 

保险责任排除信息

 exclusions of insurance liability

事后信息不对称

Post-Transaction Information Asymmetry

骗保

 commit fraud

迟延理赔

delaying claims

解释甚至曲解条款而拒赔

misinterpreting or distorting terms to deny claims  

成文化与义务

Obligations and Codification

体系化

Systematization 

海上保险法

Marine Insurance Act

消费保险

Consumer Insurance 

商业保险

Commercial Insurance  

制度虚化

Institutional Erosion

一般诚信

general good faith

成文化表达

Codified Expression

对价平衡

 a Balance of Consideration 

危险共同内的整体平衡

Overall Balance Within Shared Risks

弱者保护

Weakness Protection

行为机理

Behavioral Mechanism

信息经济学范式

Economics Paradigm

合同正义

Contract Justice 

市场竞争手段

Market Competitive Means

生产性信息

Productive Information

射倖风险

randomness risks

再分配性信息

Redistributive Information

科技暗线

    Technological Underpinnings

危害性信息

Harmful Information

行为暗箱

Behavioral Black Box

信息路径

information pathways

保险人中心主义

 insurer-centric 

投保人中心主义

policyholder-centric 

金融科技

Fintech

物联网

the Internet of Things

小额化

micro-insurance

短期化

short-term insurance products  

定制化

customization

智能劝诱

 intelligent nudging

智能核保

smart underwriting 

实时安全监控

 real-time safety monitoring,

自动续保与持续性保险

automatic renewals, and continuous insurance  

智能理赔

   Smart claims processing

自动甄别保险欺诈

automatic identification of insurance fraud  

风险检测技术

Risk detection technologies

信息市场传导技术

Information market transmission technologies

降本优势

Cost Reduction Advantages

普惠保险政策

inclusive Insurance Policies 

  保险消费者保护政策

insurance Consumer Protection Policies  

准公共性

The quasi-public nature

合理期待原则

the principle of reasonable expectations 

侵权责任

tort liability 

 随车型驾乘意外险

Accident Insurance Based on Vehicle Models

信息披露义务

Disclosure Obligations

比例赔偿

proportional compensation

保险人可预见除外

 foreseeable exclusions for insurers

特别诚信

Special Good Faith 

假借订立合同，恶意进行磋商

malicious negotiations under false pretenses

故意隐瞒

intentional concealment 

获得不当利益

gain unjust enrichment

抗辩禁止、禁反言规则

 defenses and estoppel 

制度虚化

Institutional Erosion 

数据失真风险

Risks of data distortion

信用评估算法不合理风险

unreasonable credit assessment algorithms 

不当区别对待风险

Risks of improper discrimination 

隐私泄露风险

privacy breaches

险欺诈甄别机制过度反应风险

risks of overreaction in insurance fraud detection mechanisms  

合同性质导向

Contractual Nature-Oriented:

射倖合同

Gambling contracts 

义务负担导向

Burden of Obligations-Oriented

法理理念

The Legal Rationale 

最低保障标准

establish minimum standards of protection 

单一立法模式

a unified legislative model 

承保风险

insured risks

巨大风险

Large Risks

规模风险

Mass Risks

消费者保护规范

consumer protection norms

风险属性

 risk characteristics

风险主体

risks from the entities involved

实体保护规范

substantive protection norms 

消费者保险合同

 consumer insurance contracts 

价值取向

value orientations

弱势方保护机制

protection mechanism for disadvantaged parties

法律碎片化

 legal fragmentation

潜在的法律规则内涵的不一

potential inconsistencies in legal rules

与自身营业、事业、职业无关的目的

for non-business, non-professional purposes 

消费者保险合同法准用对象

Enterprises Eligible for Consumer Protections

程序性保障机制

procedural safeguard mechanism

实体规则

Substantive Rules

单方强制属性

Unilateral Mandatory Nature

在后性与不确定性

are both subsequent and uncertain

必要风险保障

essential risk coverage

任意性

discretionary

比例原则

Proportionality Principle 

大过失违反如实告知义务

 Major Breaches of the Duty of Disclosure by the Policyholder

格式条款内容控制规范

Establishment of Content Control Standards for Standardized Clauses

宣示性条款

declarative clauses 

核心给付条款

 core benefit clauses

除外责任条款

 Exclusion clauses

所承保风险

covered risks

保险金额

amount of insurance benefits

不公平条款判断标准阶梯

 a clear hierarchical standard for judging unfair clauses.

违反诚实理赔义务

Breach of Good Faith in Claims

惩罚性赔偿

Punitive damages 

精神损害赔偿

compensation for mental distress

保险非诉讼纠纷解决机制

an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanism

金融申诉专员机制

the Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS) mechanism

申诉专员机制的各项要素及其关联性机制

The various elements of the ombudsman mechanism and their interrelated mechanisms

预收裁处费用

 a preliminary handling fee 

受理纠纷

pon accepting disputes

非监管性的

non-regulatory 

公共实体

 public entity 

国营的ADR供应商

 a state-operated ADR provider

不实告知

misrepresented information

退还已收取的保费

refund the premium

FOSFinancial Ombudsman Service (FOS) 

金融申诉专员机制（FOS）

An alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanism 

保险非诉讼纠纷解决机制（ADR）

不利解释规则

Contra Proferentem Rule

歧义

ambiguity

合同解释规则

 a rule of contractual interpretation 

减免法定或约定义务

a statutory or contractual obligation

做不利解释

construe the text adversely

保险经纪人

 insurance broker

未偏向任何一方利益

not biased in favor of the interests of any of the parties

除外责任条款

the exclusion clause w

文义解释和语境解释

textual and contextual methods of interpretation

疑义解释方法

the rule of doubtful interpretation 

仲裁机构

arbitration institution 

文义解释、整体解释、目的解释、习惯解释和诚信解释

the textual interpretation, the overall interpretation, the purpose interpretation, the customary interpretation and the interpretation in good fait

最后的救济

last resort

不利于

be construed against 

缔约一方

the contracting party

保单

 policy

定制措

bespoke wordings

标准条款

standard terms 

免责条款

An exclusion clause

业务中断保险

business interruption insurance 

私法与保险法

Private Law and Insurance Law

董事和高管责任保险的特别问题

the specifics of D&O insurance

受害方

Injured Party

责任保险人

 Liability Insurer

强制责任保险

 compulsory liability insurance 

放松管制

deregulation

监管机构

the supervisory authority

模型条款

model terms

承保流程

underwriting process

网络保险

Cyber insurance

赔偿

Indemnification

辩护

Defense

第三方

a third party

审查索赔的合理性

examine the merits of the claim.

进行准备金

makes reserves

和解索赔

Settles claim

结案归档

closes file 

刑事诉讼

criminal proceedings 

额外费用

Costs in addition

“费用包含”条款

‘Cost inclusive’ clause 

环境损害保险

Environmental Impairment Insurance

根据法律规定

by statute

衍生索赔权

a derivative claim 

扣押和转让命令

attachment and transfer order 

无力偿债

is insolvent.

 被保险人

 policyholder

设定负担或放弃

encumbrance or forfeiture 

关于

vis-à-vis

普通债权人

 creditor

破产被保险人资产

the bankrupt insured asset

保单持有者

policyholder

监事会

the supervisory board

管理委员会

management board 

一般代理权（代表权）

general authority (power of procuration) 

全权代表权或签字权

full power of representation or power to sign

口头听证

the oral hearing

保险期限

Duration of cover

不当行为

Wrongful act

延长索赔期

Extended claims period

提供追溯保障

retroactive cover for 

索赔

claim

赔偿

for indemnification

抗辩费用

Defense costs 

董责险市场

Directors' Liability Insurance Market 

投保率

insurance coverage rate 

发达保险市场

developed insurance markets 

A 股上市公司

A-share listed companies

证券发行登记制度

registration system for the issuance of securities

“中国式证券集体诉讼制度

“Chinese-style securities class action system” 

“双重股东代表诉讼制度”

“dual shareholders' representative litigation system”

转移其履职责任风险

 transfer their liability risks in the course of their duties

承保能力

underwriting capacity 

保险人

insurer

董责险公开理赔案例

publicized cases of directors' liability insurance claims 

公司治理功能

 corporate governance function

市场有关主体

 the main market players

董责险信息披露制度

 set up a disclosure system for directors' liability insurance 

核保核赔及法律人才

professional underwriting, claims and legal talents

《董责险原理与1实践》

Principle & Practice of D&O Insurance

意外险和金融险

casualty and financial lines 

新的《证券虚假陈述司法解释》

New Judicial Interpretation of Securities Misrepresentation 

保险专业委员会

Insurance Professional Committee

承保和理赔

 underwriting and claims experience

我国证券集体诉讼制度

 the principle of presumption of fault

投资者保护制度

the Investor Protection System

过失推定原则

presumption of negligence

行政或刑事预审

Administrative or criminal pre-procedure

司法可执行性

 judicial enforceability

精确问责

precise accountability

实际控制人

de facto controllers

控股股东

 controlling shareholders 

事实董事和影子董事

de facto and shadow directorships

双重股东代表行动制度

 a dual shareholder representative action system

故意或重大过失的

are willful or grossly negligent

董责险

d&o insurance

给付

benefits

条款

provisions

非诉

non-litigation

保费

premium

合同约定的

to the contractually agreed limit

共同被告

co-defendant

理赔三难

three difficulties in settling claims

无根据的辩护

unfounded defenses

立法释义书

 in the explanatory notes to the legislation 

网络战

Cyberwarfare

网络战争免责诉讼

Cyber War Exclusion Litigation

网络侵略言论

cyber aggression

无声网络保险

silent cyber coverage

精算评估

Actuarial Assessment

偿付能力基准

Solvency Benchmark

经济可行性

Economic Viability

可保性

Insurability

不可保的风险

 uninsurable risks

网络保险拒赔和理赔

cyber insurance claim denial and settlement

伦敦劳合社

Lloyd's of London

归因问题

the issue of attribution

国家支持的网络攻击

State-backed cyberattack 

中文

英文

音频传感器

audio sensor

理赔审核

claims review

诉讼案例

litigation

保险条款

insurance term

保险欺诈

insurance fraud

反洗钱

anti-money laundering

保险索赔数据

insurance claim data

带病投保

sick insurance

出台

promulgation

《个人信息保护法》

Personal Information Protection Law

第三方类型

Type pf Third Party

受委托的

entrusted 

精准营销

precision marketing

受托方

entrusted party

侵害

infringement

业务场景

business scenarios

规定的

stipulated

告知与同意

notification and consent

专属页

Exclusive Page

信息泄露

information leak

黑箱运作

operate in a black box

行政处罚

administrative penalties

民事赔偿

civil compensation

故障排除

troubleshooting 

系统维护

system maintenance

系统故障

system failures

停机

downtime

符合

comply with

加密客户数据

encrypting customer data

保密协议

confidentiality agreements

信息不畅

poor information

著作权侵权风险

copyright infringement risks

人工智能算法

artificial intelligence algorithms

数据集

datasets

《数字单一市场版权规则》

Digital Single Market Copyright Rules

《著作权法》

Copyright Law

自然人

natural persons

法人

legal persons

派生作品

Derivative Works

数据偏差

Data Bias

泄露商业机密

Disclosure of Trade Secrets

附属机构

affiliates

投保决策

insurance policy decisions

理赔处理

claim processing

及时公示

Timely Disclosure

不足

deficiencies

保密制度

 Confidentiality System

真实性

authenticity

博士生导师

Doctoral Supervisor

保险法

 insurance law

票据法

bill law 

首批智库专家

first think-tank experts

仲裁员

arbitrator

履约保证保险

Surety Insurance

中德保险法论坛

Chinese-German Insurance Law Forum

债权人

creditor

债务人

debtor

应收款项

Receivable

违约支付

defaulted payments

赔偿保险

indemnity insurance

债务人-投保人

debtor-policyholder

保险合同

Insurance Contract

追索权

Recourse

融资性保证保险纠纷

Financial Guarantee Insurance Disputes

强制搭售

forced bundling

高违约金

high liquidated damages

模糊保证保险规范

the ambiguity in guarantee insurance regulations

融资担保功能

financing guarantee function

二元法律属性

the dual legal attributes

求偿范围

subrogation range

放贷机构

lending institutions

不知情

uninformed

恶意串通

malicious collusion

套路贷

fraudulent lending

不动产

real estate

易变现动产

easily marketable movable property

充足担保

sufficient collateral

授信

extend credit

综合融资成本

The comprehensive financing cost

保险费率

insurance premium rates

法定利率上限

statutory interest rate cap

加剧

exacerbating

罚息

penalties

复利

compound interest

资金占用损失

loss of funds occupation

违约条款

default clauses

自物担保

self-collateral

保险人

insurer

贷款人

lender

法定代位求偿

the statutory right of subrogation

违约损害赔偿求偿

the claim for damages for breach of contract 

保险法

insurance law

合同法

contract law

混合担保

mixed securities

法学院

Law School

保险利益

insurable interest

人身保险

life insurance

财产保险

property insurance

订立保险合同

enter into the insurance contract

重复保险

double insurance

超额保险

excessive insurance

不当得利的情形

unjust enrichment

书面同意

written consent

实质意义

substantive significance

利益主义

interest principle

同意主义

the consent principle

保险覆盖范围

insurance coverage

兜底条款

catch-all provision

团体生命保险

group life insurance

适用的范围

scope of application

“被保险人同意”说

“consent of the insured”principle

“实际利益论”

“actual interest theory”

“保险利益主义”

“insurable interest doctrine”

动机的正当性

legitimacy of motives

受益人指定

beneficiary designation

废止同意规则

Abolition of the Consent Principle

法律保护保险

Legal Protection Insurance

对标车险

Benchmarking Auto Insurance

交强险

compulsory traffic insurance

具体场景

specific scenarios

被并购

be acquired

射幸性

Aleatory

遣散协议

severance agreements

德国ARAG法律保护保险

German ARAG Legal Protection Insurance

庭外调解

out-of-court mediation

自付额

deductible

报销

reimburses

出租房产

rental properties

法律抗辩条款

Legal defense clauses

机动车商业保险条款

commercial motor vehicle insurance clauses

中国人民财产保险

China People's Property Insurance 

累计责任限额

cumulative liability limit

律师代理费

Attorney's fees

鉴定费

Appraisal costs

一审

the first instance

二审

second instance

再审

retrial periods

法律费用补偿险

Legal Cost Compensation Insurance

鲜有问津

Rarely Inquired About

驾乘意外综合险

Comprehensive Accident Insurance for Drivers and Passengers

留学生法律保险

Legal Insurance for International Students

家财附加个人法律援助险

Home Property Insurance with Additional Personal Legal Aid

出口产品责任附加法律保险

Export Product Liability Insurance with Additional Legal Insurance

公众责任附加法律保险

Public Liability Insurance with Additional Legal Insurance

保费规模

Premium scale

报行合一

unified reporting and execution

节制

Temperance

比例性

Proportionality

罪责

culpa

高利贷

usury

英美法系

Common Law 

大陆法

Civil law

形式原则还是实质原则

Formal or substantive principle

补救权

right to cure 

判例法

case law 

履约保证保险

Surety Insurance 

信用保险

Credit Insurance

保护债权人免受债务人延迟或违约支付的风险

protects creditors against debtor's delayed or defaulted payments

中文

英文

比例原则

proportionality

保险合同法

insurance contract law

比例

Proportionate

比率

ratio

比例性

Proportionality

节制

Temperance

亚里士多德

Aristotle

大锤敲碎坚果

crack a nut with a sledgehammer

经济准则

economic maxim

法律实证主义者

legal positivist

立法

Lawmaking

《欧盟条约》第 5条第3款

Article 5(3) TEU

习惯国际人道法（红十字国际委员会）

Customary international humanitarian law (ICRC)

基本权利

fundamental rights

刑法

Criminal law

私法

Private law

高利贷

usury

《德国民法典》第 138 条第2款

Sec. 138 (2) BGB

英美法系

Common law

大陆法系

Civil Law

归纳法

inductive approach 

演绎法

deductive approach prevails

德国学说

German doctrine 

法律立场

legal position 

公共利益

Public interests

抽象预测

abstract prognosis 

劳动纠纷

labour disputes

利益平衡

the balancing of interests

试管婴儿

vitro fertilisation

形式（或 “空洞”）原则

formal (or, "empty") principle

实质原则

substantive principle

结构性原则

structural principle 

合同义务

Contractual Obligation

补救措施

remedy

要求特定履行

action for specific performance

中止履行权利

right to withhold performance

损害赔偿

damages

逾期付款利息

interest for late payment

降低价格

reduction of price

终止/撤销

termination/rescission

等级

hierarchy

补救权

The right to cure 

最后手段

a last resort

合同神圣原则

doctrine of sanctity of contract

债权人

obligor

持续性义务

continuing obligations 

雇佣法

Employment law

租金或租赁协议

rental or lease agreements 

没收条款

forfeiture clause 

违反义务

breach of obligation

保险人

insurer

披露义务

disclosure obligation

诚信原则

the principle of good faith

投保人

policyholder

免除责任

exemption from liability 

保险给付

Insurance Payments 

保险费

Insurance Premiums

网约车

Ride-Hailing Services 

商业第三者责任险

commercial third-party liability insurance 

营运行为

commercial use

《保险法》

insurance contract 

顺风车

Ridesharing

道路护栏

roadside barrier

分摊行驶成本

sharing travel costs

《网约车管理办法》

Regulations on the Management of Ride-Hailing Services

顺路搭乘

traveling to a predetermined destination

一审法院

First Court 

赔付

Compensation

全有全无原则

all-or-nothing principle 

有效分散

Be Effectively Spread

私家车

Private Vehicles 

保险法司法解释四

Judicial Interpretation IV of the Insurance Law

人民法院

 People's Court 

保险标

insured subject

禁止反言

Estoppel (prohibition of contradictory behavior)

危险程度

Risk Levels

无偿合同还是有偿合同

a contract is gratuitous or compensatory

给付义务

reciprocal obligation 

合乘次数

the frequency of ridesharing

承保

Coverage